Biology · Cell structure
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Sperm cells and root hair cells are specialised cells found in animals and plants. Explain how the structures of: - a sperm cell help it to reach and fertilise an egg - a root hair cell help it to absorb water and mineral ions from the soil
Level 3 (5-6): Relevant points (reasons/causes) are identified, given in detail and logically linked to form a clear account. Level 2 (3-4): Relevant points (reasons/causes) are identified, and there are attempts at logically linking. The resulting account is not fully clear. Level 1 (1-2): Points are identified and stated simply, but their relevance is not clear and there is no attempt at logical linking. No relevant content (0).
Sperm have a tail so they can move towards the egg. Root hair cells take in water from the soil because they are in roots.
What this answer missed
- •the sperm cell has many mitochondria that release energy for movement of the tail
- •the sperm cell has a streamlined shape that reduces resistance as it moves through liquid
- •the sperm cell nucleus contains genetic material that is delivered to the egg
- •the root hair cell has a long extension that gives it a large surface area, allowing more water and mineral ions to enter
- •the root hair cell has a thin surface, giving a short distance for water and mineral ions to pass through
- •root hair cells contain many mitochondria that provide energy for taking in mineral ions when their concentration is lower in the soil
- •root hair cells extend between soil particles, increasing contact with the soil solution
- •water enters the root hair cell by osmosis, while mineral ions can enter by active transport
A sperm cell has a tail which helps it move through the liquid towards the egg. Root hair cells are for absorbing water from the soil, because they are in contact with the soil.
What this answer missed
- •The sperm cell has many mitochondria that release energy by aerobic respiration to power movement of the tail.
- •The sperm cell has a streamlined shape, which reduces resistance as it moves through liquid.
- •The sperm cell's nucleus contains genetic material that is delivered to the egg during fertilisation.
- •The root hair cell has a long extension that gives it a large surface area, allowing more water and mineral ions to enter.
- •The root hair cell has a thin surface, giving water and mineral ions a short distance to pass through.
- •The root hair cell has many mitochondria that provide energy for active transport of mineral ions when their concentration is lower in the soil than in the cell.
- •Water enters the root hair cell by osmosis, while mineral ions can enter by active transport.
The tail helps the sperm swim to the egg. A root hair cell is long, so it has more area for taking in water.
What this answer missed
- •many mitochondria in the sperm cell release energy by aerobic respiration to power movement of the tail
- •the sperm cell's streamlined shape reduces resistance as it moves through liquid
- •the sperm cell's nucleus contains genetic material that can be delivered to the egg
- •the large surface area of the root hair cell allows more mineral ions to enter from the soil
- •the thin surface of a root hair cell gives a short distance for water and mineral ions to pass through
- •many mitochondria in a root hair cell provide energy for active transport of mineral ions when their concentration is lower in the soil than in the cell
- •root hair cells extend between soil particles, increasing contact with the soil solution
The sperm cell has a tail to propel it towards the egg and mitochondria which provide energy for the tail to move. A root hair cell has a long extension, giving it a larger surface area so more water and mineral ions can enter. It absorbs things from the soil, although I am not sure how all the substances get through.
What this answer missed
- •The sperm cell has a streamlined shape, which reduces resistance as it moves through liquid.
- •The sperm cell's nucleus contains the genetic material that is delivered to the egg during fertilisation.
- •The root hair cell has a thin surface, giving a short distance for water and mineral ions to pass through.
- •Water enters the root hair cell by osmosis, because water moves from a more dilute solution in the soil to a more concentrated cell sap.
- •Mineral ions can enter the root hair cell by active transport when their concentration is lower in the soil than in the cell, using energy from mitochondria.
- •Root hair cells extend between soil particles, increasing contact with the soil solution.
A sperm cell has a long tail which propels it towards the egg, and many mitochondria which release energy for the tail to move. Its streamlined shape also helps it move through liquid. A root hair cell has a long extension giving it a large surface area, so more water and mineral ions can enter. Its thin surface gives a short distance for them to pass through.
- •the sperm cell's long tail propels it towards the egg
- •many mitochondria release energy for movement of the tail
- •the sperm cell's streamlined shape helps it move through liquid by reducing resistance
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