Biology · Health issues
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A patient has been diagnosed with a bacterial chest infection. The doctor prescribes a course of antibiotics and tells the patient to take all the tablets, even if the symptoms improve. Explain how: - antibiotics help the patient recover from the bacterial infection - incorrect use of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Level 3 (5-6): Relevant points (reasons/causes) are identified, given in detail and logically linked to form a clear account. Level 2 (3-4): Relevant points (reasons/causes) are identified, and there are attempts at logically linking. The resulting account is not fully clear. Level 1 (1-2): Points are identified and stated simply, but their relevance is not clear and there is no attempt at logical linking. No relevant content (0).
Antibiotics are medicines that get rid of the germs causing the infection, so the patient should start to feel better. They need to take all the tablets because otherwise the infection might come back and the bacteria could get used to the medicine.
What this answer missed
- •Antibiotics kill bacteria or stop them reproducing, reducing the number of bacteria in the patient's body so the immune system can destroy the remainder.
- •A random mutation can make some bacteria resistant; the antibiotic kills non-resistant bacteria, while resistant bacteria survive, reproduce and pass on the resistance, especially if the course is not completed.
The antibiotics kill the bacteria in the chest, so there are fewer bacteria and the infection gets better. The patient should finish them so the medicine has time to work properly.
What this answer missed
- •A random mutation can make a bacterium resistant; the antibiotic kills non-resistant bacteria, while the resistant bacterium survives and reproduces, especially if the course is stopped early.
Antibiotics kill bacteria or stop them reproducing, which reduces the number of bacteria in the patient. The immune system can then destroy some of the ones left. If the patient stops taking them early, some bacteria may survive and multiply, and they can become resistant to the antibiotic.
What this answer missed
- •a random mutation can make some bacteria resistant, so the antibiotic kills the non-resistant bacteria while the resistant bacteria survive
- •the surviving resistant bacteria reproduce and pass the resistance to their offspring, increasing the proportion of resistant bacteria
Antibiotics kill the bacteria causing the chest infection, or stop them reproducing, so their numbers fall. This allows the patient's immune system to destroy the bacteria that remain. Some bacteria might already be resistant, so they survive the antibiotic and reproduce. If the course is not completed, there may be more of these bacteria left to multiply and the infection could return.
- •Antibiotics kill bacteria or stop them reproducing, reducing the number of bacteria causing the infection.
- •The patient's immune system can destroy the bacteria that remain.
- •Bacteria that are already resistant survive the antibiotic and reproduce.
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