Biology · Vaccination
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A measles vaccination programme is offered to children before they start school. Measles is caused by a virus that can spread rapidly between people. Explain how vaccination against measles protects a vaccinated child and how high vaccination coverage can reduce the spread of measles through the school population.
Level 3 (5-6): Relevant points (reasons/causes) are identified, given in detail and logically linked to form a clear account. Level 2 (3-4): Relevant points (reasons/causes) are identified, and there are attempts at logically linking. The resulting account is not fully clear. Level 1 (1-2): Points are identified and stated simply, but their relevance is not clear and there is no attempt at logical linking. No relevant content (0).
The vaccine stops children getting measles and keeps them healthy. If children are healthy, they cannot spread it around the school.
What this answer missed
- •the vaccine contains harmless measles antigens that stimulate the immune system
- •white blood cells called lymphocytes produce antibodies against the measles virus
- •some lymphocytes become memory cells, so a later exposure causes a faster and larger antibody response
- •the antibodies destroy the virus before it can reproduce sufficiently to cause illness
- •when most children are vaccinated, fewer children are susceptible to measles
- •fewer susceptible children interrupt transmission chains, reducing the chance of an outbreak and protecting children who cannot be vaccinated
Vaccination helps stop measles and makes children immune. It also means the virus cannot spread as easily around the school.
What this answer missed
- •the vaccine contains harmless measles antigens that stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies
- •some lymphocytes become memory cells, which produce a faster and larger antibody response if the child later encounters the measles virus
- •the antibodies destroy the virus before it reproduces enough to cause illness
- •when most children are vaccinated, fewer children are susceptible to measles, so an infected person is less likely to pass it on and transmission chains are interrupted
- •reduced transmission lowers the chance of an outbreak and can give some protection to children who cannot be vaccinated
The vaccine helps the child make antibodies against measles, so they are less likely to become ill. If lots of children have it, measles may spread less.
What this answer missed
- •the vaccine contains harmless measles antigens that stimulate the immune response
- •some lymphocytes become memory cells, which produce a faster and larger antibody response if the child later encounters measles
- •the virus is destroyed before it can reproduce sufficiently to cause illness
- •when most children are vaccinated, fewer children can catch measles and transmission chains are interrupted
- •reduced transmission lowers the chance of an outbreak and can help protect children who cannot be vaccinated
The vaccine has measles antigens which cause white blood cells to make antibodies. Some cells remember the virus, so they can make antibodies again if the child is infected. This means fewer people get measles and it spreads less.
What this answer missed
- •memory cells produce a faster and larger antibody response when the vaccinated child is exposed to measles
- •the measles virus is destroyed before it can reproduce sufficiently to cause illness, so the vaccinated child is less likely to develop measles
- •when most children are vaccinated, fewer children are susceptible to measles
- •an infected person is less likely to pass measles to another person because there are fewer susceptible people and transmission chains are interrupted
- •high vaccination coverage reduces the chance of an outbreak and gives some protection to children who cannot be vaccinated
- •the vaccine contains harmless, weakened or inactive material that does not cause measles
The vaccine contains harmless measles antigens. These make white blood cells produce antibodies and some cells remember the virus. If the child meets measles later, the antibodies can be made quickly and destroy the virus before it causes much illness. When most children are vaccinated, fewer are susceptible, so an infected child is less likely to pass it on and the spread is reduced.
- •The vaccine contains harmless measles antigens.
- •The antigens stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies.
- •Some cells become memory cells that remember the virus.
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